Operative technique of upper airway stimulation: an implantable treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Disorders Center, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, UHCMC, Cleveland, Ohio; ENT Department, Facial Plastic and Interventional Sleep Medicine, Kliniken St Antonius, Wuppertal, Germany; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Human Communication, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.